The Social Work Dictionary, 6th Edition

Robert L. Barker, PhD, is a consultant, advocate, and clinician in private practice. He is currently engaged in helping social agencies, advocacy groups, and political organizations raise funds, prepare grant proposals, and manage public relations campaigns. He also helps social workers prepare to give legal testimony in lawsuits. He was full professor since 1979 at the National Catholic School of Social Services, The Catholic University of America, in Washington, DC. He was also codirector of the Potomac Psychiatric Center in suburban Maryland, where he specialized in marital and family therapy, group therapy, and group work. For many years he also served as a consultant in designing, reviewing, and monitoring the development of social work licensing exams.

Dr. Barker has worked with various social advocacy groups and is particularly interested in international social welfare, homelessness, and research on effective use of social work personnel. He has taught social work skills in Europe and Latin America as well as in the United States. As part of a research project, he spent several months living as a homeless person in various U.S. cities. During his military service, he cofounded and led the Society of Air Force Social Workers.

Dr. Barker received his MSW from the University of Washington, Seattle, and his doctorate from Columbia University, New York. He founded and edited the Journal of Independent Social Work (later the Journal of Analytic Social Work) and has written more than 100 articles for professional journals, numerous articles for popular magazines and newspapers, several unpublished novels, and 23 published books.

His published books include Forensic Social Work: Legal Aspects of Professional Practice; Treating Couples in Crisis: Fundamentals and Practice in Marital Therapy; The Green-Eyed Marriage: Overcoming Jealous Relationships; Social Work in Private Practice: Milestones in Social Work and Social Welfare; The Business of Psychotherapy; Private Practice Administration for Therapists, Counselors and Social Workers; The Resource Book; Differential Use of Social Work Manpower (with Thomas L. Briggs); Educating Undergraduates for Professional Social Work Roles; Using Teams to Deliver Social Workers; and all six editions of The Social Work Dictionary.

Editorial Review Board

Mimi Abramovitz, DSW, Hunter College/City University of New York

Frederick L. Ahearn, PhD, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC

Paula Allen-Meares, MSW, PhD, Chancellor, University of Illinois at Chicago

Michelle Alvarez, EdD, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Editor: Children & Schools

Jeane W. Anastas, PhD, New York University; President, National Association of Social Workers

Elizabeth K. Anthony, PhD, Arizona State University, Phoenix

Gary Bailey, MSW, Simmons College, Boston; President, International Federation of Social Workers

Karen E. Baker, MSW, Michigan Psychoanalytic Council, Ann Arbor

Marquessa Brown, DSW, LCSW-C, Gallaudet University, Washington, DC

Joe E. Benton, LMSW, National President, National Association of Black Social Workers

Andrea Boitano, JD, Miller, Quinlan & Auter, Fircrest, Washington

Ann Buchanan MBE, PhD, Oxford University, Oxford, England

Bruce Buchanan, MD, FACP, Community Health Care, Tacoma, WA

Noël Busch-Armendariz, PhD, University of Texas at Austin; Editor: Affilia: Journal of Women and Social Work

Rob Butters, PhD, University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Editor: Forensic Social Work

Tyrone C. Cheng, PhD, LCSW, PIP, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa

Elizabeth J. Clark, PhD, ACSW, MPH, Executive Director, National Association of Social Workers

Darla Spence Coffey, PhD, MSW, President, Council on Social Work Education

Philip C. Craven, MD, Infections Limited, Fox Island, WA

Donna DeAngelis, MA, LICSW, Executive Director: Association of Social Work Boards

Rear Admiral Peter Delany, PhD, MSW, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD

Michael G. Donovan, PhD, American Association for the Advancement of Science Fellow, United States Agency for International Development, Washington, DC

Thomas W. Donovan, JD, MS, Iraq Law Alliance, Baghdad

Susan N. Dreyfus, President, Alliance for Children and Families & Families International

Sandra J. Drower, PhD, University of Winchester, United Kingdom

Richard L. Edwards, PhD, Chancellor, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick

Suzanne England, PhD, MBA, New York University, New York

Barbara Fawcett, PhD, University of Sydney, Australia

Marilyn Flynn, PhD, University of Southern California, Los Angeles

Bridget Freisthler, PhD, University of California, Los Angeles

Leymah Gbowee, BA (Social Work), MA, 2011 Nobel Peace Prize Winner; Director, Women Peace and Security Network Africa, Monrovia, Liberia

Neil Gilbert, PhD, University of California, Berkeley

Stephen H. Gorin, PhD, Plymouth State University, New Hampshire; Editor: Health & Social Work

Geoffrey Greif, PhD, University of Maryland, Baltimore

Linda Grobman, MSW, LSW, ACSW, The New Social Worker Magazine, Harrisburg, PA

Muhammad M. Haj-Yahia, PhD, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel

Karl D. Hawver, MD, American Psychoanalytic Association, Washington, DC

Richard Hugman, PhD, University of New South Wales, Australia

Nancy A. Humphreys, DSW, University of Connecticut, West Hartford

Christine James-Brown, CEO, Child Welfare League of America, Washington, DC

Toba Schwaber Kerson, DSW, PhD, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, PA

Johnnie S. Kim, PhD, University of Kansas, Lawrence

Anne Kosem, MSW, LCSW, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; National Organization for

Pediatric Oncology Social Work

Nancy Kropf , PhD, Georgia State University, Atlanta

Alan J. Levy, PhD, Institute for Clinical Social Work, Chicago

Joyce Ma Lai-Chong, PhD, Chinese University of Hong Kong, China

Tina M. Maschi, PhD, Fordham University, New York; President, National Organization of Forensic Social Work

Heather A. McCabe, JD, MSW, Indiana University, Indianapolis

Robin McKenna, MSW, LISW-CP, President, Clinical Social Work Association, Greenville, SC

James Midgley, PhD, University of California, Berkeley

Pamela J. Miller, PhD, Portland State University, Portland, OR

Vimla Nadkami, PhD, Tata Institute of Social Sciences Mumbai, India; President, International Association of Schools of Social Work

Yoosun Park, PhD, Smith College, Northampton, MA

Fred Phelps, MSW, RSW, Executive Director, Canada Association of Social Workers

Frederic G. Reamer, PhD, Rhode Island College, Providence

Cynthia Rocha, PhD, University of Tennessee, Knoxville

Penny Rosen, MSW, BCD-P, American Association for Psychoanalysis in Clinical Social Work, New York

William Rowe, DSW, University of South Florida, Tampa

Cathy Siebold, DSW, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick

Bruce Thyer, PhD, Florida State University, Tallahassee

Greg Tully, PhD, West Chester University, West Chester, PA: President, International Association for Social Work With Groups

Katherine Van Wormer, PhD, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls

Michael Vaughn, PhD, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO

Isidor Wallimann, PhD, University of Applied Sciences, Basel, Switzerland

Barbara White, PhD, University of Texas at Austin

Stanley L Witkin, PhD, University of Vermont, Burlington

Michael Yellow Bird, PhD, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA

Charles Zastrow, PhD, George Williams College of Aurora University, Williams Bay, Wisconsin

Distinguished social workers and other professionals who served on the Editorial Review Board for previous editions of The Social Work Dictionary or who made valuable contributions to its development include Ann A. Abbott, Rudolph Alexander, Jr., Catherine Foster Alter, Corrine Anderson-Ketchmark, Jacqueline Atkins, Donald Raymond Bardill, Mark Battle, Rosina Becerra, Linda Beebe, Donald W. Beless, Barbara Berkman, Thomas L. Briggs, Phil Brown, Shirley Buttrick, Mark Chapin, Chris Clark, Ira Colby, Beulah R. Compton, Claudia R. Coulton, Judith A. Davenport, Ronald B. Dear, The Honorable Ronald V. Dellums (D-CA), Lena Dominelli, Surjit Singh Dhooper, James R. Dumpson, Barbara Early, Amy Eldridge, Hans S. Falck, O. William Farley, Nina S. Fields, Mary Flynn, Sophie Freud, Carel B. Germain, Margaret Gibelman, Leon Ginsberg, Sol Gothard, David Guttmann, Ronald Harman, Florence Hollis, Nancy Hooyman, June Gary Hopps, Wilfred Isaacs, Kozo Iwasaki, Srinika Jayaratne, Tom Johannesen, Alfred Kadushin, Alfred J. Kahn, Rosalie A. Kane, James M. Karls, Jill Doner Kagel, Gabriel Keily, Patricia Kelley, Shanti Khinduka, Ruth I. Knee, Larry W. Kreuger, Christine Labonte-Roset, Jim Lantz, Armand A. Lauffer, Sylvia Lee, Arnold Levin, Florence Lieberman, David S. Liederman, Elliot Liebow, Gary A. Lloyd, Carl Loovis, Maryann Mahaffey, Anthony Maluccio, Emilia E. Martinez-Brawley, Jon Matsuoka, Nicholas Mazza, Jesse F. McClure, Susan O. Mercer, Carol H. Meyer, Ruth R. Middleman, John D. Morrison, John Mould, Edward J. Mullen, Carlton Munsen, Elizabeth Thompson Ortiz, Jack Otis, Martha N. Ozawa, Rino J. Patti, Norman Polansky, Helen Rehr, Simeon Rizo-Castellon, Bea Saunders, Philip H. Schervish, Jerome H. Schiele, John Michael Seelig, Lawrence Shulman, Max Siporin, Sau-Fong Siu, Herbert S. Strean, Edward K. Suh, Martin Sundel, Tony Tripodi, Francis J. Turner, John B. Turner, Dorothy Van Soest, Ione D. Vargus, J. Wilson Watt, Janet B. W. Williams, and Nancy Winchester.

Every profession has scholars who help define their field of practice, and, by so doing, advance that field. Without these committed individuals, our profession could not achieve as much, stay as current, or advance as quickly. In social work, Dr. Robert Barker is one of these luminaries. He first applied his scholarship to the task of creating The Social Work Dictionary in 1987, and, over a 25-year span, he has revised this important and essential reference five times. When taken together, this work reflects the evolution of the social work profession. This year NASW is proud to publish the sixth edition, which documents the language, the scope, and the opportunity for the field.

Those of us who have been in practice for the past several decades have witnessed a continually changing social work landscape, and our professional language has had to shift to capture this expansion of the field. Dr. Barker is the foremost expert in this endeavor; he helps us document our past efforts, our present reality, and our future path. The dictionary is a key element of our knowledge base.

Each edition of The Social Work Dictionary is a tremendous undertaking. Perhaps not since the original writing has the need for such a work been so critical. Today, social work methods and research have expanded; we are working with an unprecedented diversity and number of clients, and social workers can be found in settings from individual practice to Congress and every level in between. When we add to that the changes in social programs, especially health and mental health care reform, the numbers of veterans requiring services, the needs of the baby boom generation, and an increasing immigrant population, we recognize that social work is broader than ever before.

In this age of instant communication, technological shortcuts, and superficial information, Dr. Barker maintains the highest standards. This volume, while containing concise entries, is both comprehensive and thorough, and social workers can rely on the dictionary to obtain accurate information to specific practice questions. Like Black’s Law Dictionary for attorneys or the Physicians’ Desk Reference for doctors, The Social Work Dictionary is an essential tool for any social work student, social work educator or practitioner, or human services professional. It has much to offer, including thousands of entries, abbreviations and acronyms, and milestones for the profession.

Dr. Barker has called the dictionary a “labor of love.” We are grateful he has devoted his incredible skills to such a task, and we thank him for his efforts on behalf of the social work profession and especially on behalf of NASW.

We know you will find The Social Work Dictionary a valuable addition to your personal library and that you will turn to it frequently as a definitive resource of professional knowledge.

Elizabeth J. Clark, PhD, MPH, ACSW
Chief Executive Officer
National Association of Social Workers

The language of social work, like the profession itself, continues to grow and become more complex. This is the result of both increased social work knowledge and the profession’s desire to communicate with greater precision. It is also the product of closer relationships with other professions and segments of society, each of which has its own jargon and terminology.

A dynamic vocabulary is healthy but represents a formidable challenge. To express themselves effectively and to comprehend the words of their colleagues and members of other professions, social workers must be familiar with an extensive body of complex terms. They also are expected to have ready access to a variety of resources, organizations, and services that can help meet the needs of their clients.

Another challenge to clear communication arises from the divergent specialties and conceptual orientations within the profession itself. For example, social workers who are policymakers or social advocates do not usually share identical vocabularies with their colleagues in clinical work. Even within a single social work practice specialty, there is risk of misunderstanding because of the variety of theoretical perspectives in current use. Clinical social workers with psychodynamic orientations, for example, may have different interpretations of terms used by their colleagues from behaviorist, psychosocial systems, existential, or cognitive perspectives, and vice versa.

Although these trends increase the potential for communication problems, social workers face mounting pressure to minimize such difficulties. Malpractice law suits and other legal actions have become more frequent. So too are sanctions against professionals who misinterpret or improperly disseminate information. Society demands that professionals prove they are competent and current, usually through licensing and certification exams. To a great extent, passing these exams requires that the social worker understand the terms and concepts used in the profession.

The Social Work Dictionary was developed to address these challenges. The idea for it originated in the early 1980s when I participated on a panel to write questions for social work state licensing exams. All the panelists often debated about how the profession generally understood certain terms that it used. All the test writers bemoaned social work’s lack of a glossary of its language to use in arbitrating these disputes. I decided to try to write The Social Work Dictionary.

I began by compiling a long list of entries that have appeared in the indexes of the major social work journals and textbooks of the past three decades. The journals and texts were those in most general use in graduate and undergraduate schools of social work and in the larger social agencies. I added to this list by going through the indexes of the journals, manuals, and textbooks of disciplines related to social work, especially in psychiatry, law, sociology, economics, anthropology, and psychology. Over time, I presented the list to hundreds of my colleagues in social work education and clinical practice as well as students and members of related professions. On the basis of their suggestions, hundreds of additional terms were added to this list.

In defining the terms, I found it necessary to review how they were used by different writers. All too frequently, I found slight differences in the interpretations various writers gave to certain terms. I tried to provide a definition that was closest to the majority view and to the mainstream of social work thinking. I also tried to make each definition original for this project, a policy I have maintained through all editions of the published work. No definitions are deliberately quoted from any known published sources.

Once I finished writing the definitions, they were critiqued, edited, and revised by several hundred colleagues and students. I began the evaluations by presenting two or three pages of definitions to my students at the Catholic University of America. Then I gave short glossaries to students, through their professors, at several other schools of social work in the Washington, DC, metropolitan area. Students and faculty at Howard University, Gallaudet University, and the University of Maryland, as well as Catholic, were the original participants. The definitions were thus subjected to heavy scrutiny for two years before I felt ready to consider publication of a dictionary of our profession’s terminology.

After the National Association of Social Workers (NASW) and NASW Press agreed to publish the work, I assembled a panel of colleagues who were widely considered to be among the preeminent scholars and practitioners in their respective fields. The members of the editorial review board were chosen for their considerable expertise in at least one area of social work knowledge or a related field such as medicine, law, administration, or economics. To each member, I sent approximately 50 to 100 definitions that were understood to be within the panelist’s realm of special expertise. I asked them to review their definitions as to accuracy, clarity, conciseness, and relevance of examples. Typically, three different experts reviewed each definition.

The experts did not always agree with one another on how a term should be defined or on what parts of it should be emphasized, so compromises had to be made. Some reviewers believed certain words were offensive or outdated and recommended their exclusion. However, I chose to retain most of those terms that are still in common, perhaps improper, use and to indicate why they are considered improper for use by competent professionals. This reflects my view that the purpose of a dictionary is to explain the meaning of terms, not judge whether people should use the terms or pretend they do not exist.

This process of reviewing my definitions has been followed throughout all six editions of The Social Work Dictionary. Every term and definition that I have written has been evaluated, edited, and sometimes modified by at least three experts and two editors. With each revision and updating of the dictionary, I asked many new reviewers to join the editorial review board. Some members are new to this edition, whereas others have served on the board through all five editions. With each new edition, all the defined terms were rereviewed and, when appropriate, updated or revised. Some definitions were deleted with each new edition. But mostly the dictionary has grown. The first edition contained approximately 4,000 definitions; the current sixth edition contains more than 10,000 defined terms.

The first edition of The Social Work Dictionary was published in early 1987. Subsequent editions appeared in 1991, 1995, 1999, and 2003, and were all well received. Colleagues from around the world expressed approval and indicated where the dictionary was being used – in schools of social work, in social agency libraries, in licensing exam preparation centers, and in the offices of experienced and novice social work practitioners.

The terms defined here are used in social work administration, research, policy development, and planning; community organization; human growth and development; health and mental health; macro and micro social work; and clinical theory and practice. They are the terms that relate to social work’s values and ethics and to its historical development. The definitions include descriptions of some of the organizations, trends, people, philosophies, and legislation that have played major roles in the development of social work and social welfare.

The biographical entries are reminders of the rich lives of people who have made significant contributions to the profession and to social welfare. The criteria for including these small biographies are that the person is now deceased and is identified as a member of the social work profession or is primarily known for significant work in social welfare.

The organizations identified here are those that have particular significance to social work practitioners. Each now has a Web site that provides extensive information about the organization’s function, methods, history, and mission. In the dictionary’s previous edition the Web site addresses were included. This has become unnecessary with the advent of effective search engines. No one would type the full uniform resource locator address when simply typing in the name of the organization is more convenient.

The section titled “Milestones in the Development of Social Work and Social Welfare” represents a chronology of the significant developments in the United States and the world toward social welfare policies and practices and the betterment of humanity.

The terms are those that have been developed within the profession as well as those that social workers have adopted for their own use from sociology, anthropology, medicine, law, psychology, and economics. The symptoms and diagnostic labels for various forms of mental disorders are defined as they are understood by social workers, psychiatrists, psychologists, and other mental health professionals. All the diagnostic terms and criteria found here are consistent with those in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Edition; and the Person-in-Environment (PIE) System. Many terms are derived from the theoretical orientations of psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, and existential, as well as systemic and linear, approaches. Also included are concepts in social work practice with individuals, groups, families, and communities.

As before, this sixth edition of The Social Work Dictionary uses the standard format for professional dictionaries and glossaries. The terms are listed in strict alphabetical order. Many terms are cross-referenced, and words that appear in italics within definitions are themselves defined elsewhere in the publication. This dictionary does not purport to present all the words a social worker could ever use, or provide “official” definitions of terms. The development of new knowledge and changing perspectives will necessitate commensurate revisions of the publication. The Social Work Dictionary strives to give the social worker an abbreviated interpretation of the words, concepts, organizations, historical events, and values that are relevant to the profession. As such, it is designed to provide a concise overview of social work’s terminology, not encyclopedic detail. Naturally, it is hoped that any omissions, discrepancies, and errors are minimal. But in a dynamic field populated by intelligent professionals with divergent views and experiences, it is inevitable that some discrepancies will occur. As the author of this work, I assume full responsibility for the terms that have been included and excluded as well as for the way they are defined.

NASW plans to produce subsequent editions of The Social Work Dictionary every few years. Anyone who has suggestions, recommended changes, additions, deletions, or corrections should notify us at NASW Press. Your suggestions will be given close consideration and possible inclusion in the next edition of the dictionary. In this way the dictionary will remain a living, ever-improving document – the product of input from the widest possible range of social workers and members of related professions. I hope that this edition of The Social Work Dictionary will continue to be a useful tool for social workers in their efforts to communicate clearly and achieve better professional understanding.

Robert L. Barker
June 2013